80 free flashcards covering all 5 units. Study key concepts, terms, and exam-relevant topics.
Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with reward and motivation?
Dopamine
Dopamine is the primary neurotransmitter involved in reward and motivation, while other neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine play different roles.
A researcher observes that a new medication increases dopamine release in the brain, leading to increased motivation in individuals with depression. What principle applies here?
Dopamine's role in motivation
The researcher's observation illustrates the role of dopamine in motivation, as increased dopamine release leads to increased motivation.
The {{blank}} system is responsible for the release of dopamine in response to rewarding stimuli.
mesolimbic
The mesolimbic system is the part of the brain responsible for the release of dopamine in response to rewarding stimuli.
A researcher observes that a patient's heart rate increases during a stressful situation. Which nervous system is most likely responsible?
Sympathetic nervous system
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response, which includes increased heart rate.
The {{blank}} nervous system is responsible for promoting relaxation and reducing stress.
Parasympathetic
The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for promoting relaxation and reducing stress.
Which brain structure is primarily responsible for forming new memories?
Hippocampus
The hippocampus plays a crucial role in memory formation, especially for new memories.
A researcher observes that a patient with hippocampal damage struggles to recall recent events, but can remember skills learned years ago. What principle applies?
Hippocampus role in short-term memory
The hippocampus is essential for forming new memories, but not for recalling long-term memories or skills.
The {{blank}} plays a crucial role in consolidating information from short-term memory to long-term memory.
Hippocampus
The hippocampus is essential for memory consolidation, especially for new information.
A researcher observes that people's perception of a color can be influenced by the surrounding environment. Which principle applies and why?
Context affects perception
The principle that applies is the influence of context on perception, which demonstrates how our surroundings can shape our interpretation of sensory information.
The process by which we interpret and organize sensory information is known as {{blank}}.
perception
The correct answer is perception, which is the cognitive process of interpreting and organizing sensory information.
A researcher observes that every time a particular sound is played, a dog starts salivating. What principle applies?
Classical conditioning
The sound is a neutral stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to associative learning.
Classical conditioning involves {{blank}} learning between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
Associative
Correct because classical conditioning is about learning associations between stimuli.
A researcher observes that a child's toy-playing behavior increases when praised by their parent. What principle applies and why?
Reinforcement increases behavior
The researcher's observation demonstrates the principle of reinforcement in operant conditioning, where a pleasing stimulus (praise) increases the frequency of a behavior (toy-playing).
In operant conditioning, {{blank}} is a process that increases the frequency of a behavior.
Reinforcement
Reinforcement is the key concept in operant conditioning that increases the frequency of a behavior. The blank requires the test-taker to understand the fundamental principle of operant conditioning.
A researcher observes that children who watch a video of a person performing a complex task are more likely to successfully complete the task themselves after being motivated by a reward. What principle applies in this scenario?
Observational learning
The scenario demonstrates observational learning, as the children learn by observing and imitating the behavior in the video, and are motivated to reproduce the behavior by the reward
Observational learning requires {{blank}} to occur, as it enables an individual to learn from others by observing and imitating their behavior
attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation
The correct answer is the four necessary components of observational learning, which are attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation
Which cognitive bias involves judging likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind?
Availability heuristic
The availability heuristic is a cognitive bias that involves judging likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind
A researcher observes that people overestimate the risk of plane crashes after a recent crash. What principle applies and why?
Availability heuristic
The availability heuristic leads people to overestimate the risk of plane crashes due to the ease of recalling recent crashes
The {{blank}} heuristic is a cognitive bias that involves judging likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind
availability
The availability heuristic is a cognitive bias that involves judging likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind
A researcher observes a child having difficulty understanding that others may have different thoughts and feelings. Which principle applies?
Egocentrism
The researcher is observing egocentrism, a key characteristic of Piaget's preoperational stage.
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